📘 Structure of Atom – Chapter 2
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🔶 INTRODUCTION
The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers (400 B.C.) who were of the view that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
According to them, the continued subdivisions of matter would ultimately yield atoms which would not be further divisible.
🔬 DISCOVERY OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
Atoms are divided into subatomic particles like electron, neutron, and proton.
Matter is made up of molecules, and molecules are made up of atoms.
Electrons, protons, and neutrons are the fundamental particles of atoms.
⚡ DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON
Electron is the fundamental particle that carries one unit negative charge and has mass nearly equal to 1/1837th that of a hydrogen atom.
Electrons were discovered using the cathode ray discharge tube experiment.
🧪 CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENT
The Cathode Ray Experiment, also known as the Crookes Tube Experiment, was a groundbreaking study conducted by William Crookes in 1869 and later by J.J. Thomson in 1897.
The experiment involved the study of cathode rays, which are streams of negatively charged particles emitted from the cathode (negative electrode) of a vacuum tube.
📌 NOTE:
"The origin of cathode ray is cathode (metal surface)."
Production of Cathode Ray:
Metal → e⁻
A⁻ → A + e⁻
e⁻(metal) – e⁻(gas) = Cathode Ray
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✅ PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS
1. Cathode rays cast shadows of the objects placed in their path.
➤ Conclusion: Cathode rays travel in a straight line
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2. Cathode rays deflect towards positive plate
Conclusion: They are made up of negatively charged particles.
Cathode,Cathode Rays,Anade,Effects of Electric,field on Cathode Rays
Electric Field
3. When strike on metal of high atomic mass, they produce X-rays
x-rays
W, Mo, Cu
Xerox photan
Heated filament (Cathete)
Filament
voltage
Electrans
High veltepe sence
4. Rotates mica paddle wheel placed in their path
Conclusion: They are made up of particles having mass also.
Cathode
Gotliede Reys
Light Paddle Wheel
Ansor
Cathode Rays can Rotate a High Paddie Wheel placed in their path
5. Cathode rays are deflected by magnetic field
Cathode
Anode
6. Cathode rays con ionize gases
Me Cothade
Cathode rays
Laga na mazedaar?
Important
Specific charge of cathode Ray
Charge -1.6 x 10 C Mass 9.110kg -176-10 C/
Charge electronic charge-1.6-10 с
Mass of electron = 9.1 10 Kg
Specific charge of cathode rays remaing constant and Universal. It will not change on changing the gas.
Me Cathedr
M Cat Pede
yeh podhla dhyan se
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reys
7. Cathode rays penetrate through th sheets of aluminium and metals.
8. They affect the photographic plates.
1. The specific charge of cathode rays:
A.depends on the nature of gas.
B. Depends on material of discharge tube
C.depends on patential difference.
D.Is a universal constant.
Sol. (D) The specific charge of the cathode ray a universal constant.
Are yeh bhi nhỉ huo toh tum lallu ho
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Similarly H₂O (water)sompound of it has more than one type of stars
Property of H₂O is different than the property of its constituent parts
3. Which of the foliowing store the charactenatics of scenend
(A) Twe elements comme in the fixed proportion by muss to form compound
(B) It can be desempatents by chemical nethel
(C) Properties of campounds are e their constituent auments
Di Compounds can be exported cometituents by physical ta
witeit
Sel. (AB) Among the given aptions, the correct ones are A and B
Soths Ky
الوتر
64,000
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Sol. Elementa00ang
CHO Dry c
Compounds: NaCl, Ca, 100 NH CHO
yeh assos fwi tohut
Mixtures
A material which consists of more than one type of substance and which are mixed in any ratis by weight
hosphorus P
Sulphur
Chlorine
The property of the mixture is the property of its compounds
Xanne
These con be separated into their constituents substances by physical method,
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
They are of twe types
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
1. Homogeneous Mixtures
A mixture having come composition throughout
Note
Examples:
( Salt water mixture
(1) Allers
2. Heterogeneous Mixtures
The mixture in which components are present non-uniformly
Note
Examples
Water sand
00 Milk
7. Which of the filswing is a homogeneo
(A) O and wetar
() A
161 Sandaalt
(D) Sond and water
Sol (B) For explanation, refer to QR code given on the last page
20
50
ATOM
Important
Smallest particle of un element which may or may not have independent axistence
Independently independently
Helam
He
Hydrages H Nean
Ne
doyen isle zihar apne
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